The Quantum Moment:
Quantum Mechanics in Philosophy, Culture, and Life

PHI 390
PHY 390

Spring 2006
Harriman 218
W 5:20-8:30 pm


Profs. Robert P. Crease and Alfred S. Goldhaber

Prerequisites: Philosophy or Physics Major, or permission of instructors


Course Description

This course explores the implications and influence of quantum mechanics, real and alleged, on fields other than physics. Our title was inspired by a recent exhibition and book, entitled, "The Newtonian Moment," that charted an approximately 250-year period during which ripples from Newton's discoveries, especially in mechanics and gravity, radiated out first to a small school of specialists, and then in successively larger circles, eventually penetrating all niches of human life from art to commerce. It is now 80 years since the inception of quantum mechanics, and 100 years since a crucial contribution by Einstein to its foundations, and it seems worthwhile to look at what kinds of ripples have come from a development in some ways much more startling and hard to swallow than Newton's work. What have been the reactions to quantum mechanics in worlds outside the physical sciences? How, if at all, have such reactions reflected back on what hard-core practitioners in this field do and think about what they do?

Such questions will be at the focus of this course. How has quantum mechanics permeated culture to offer what seem to be significant new perspectives on the human condition? What does it mean for philosophy, ethics, biology, and social behavior? We shall explore how quantum mechanics fits, or does not fit, with traditional models of science, and with more recent accounts such as social constructivism. We shall discuss some of the important debates at the founding of quantum mechanics, such as the Einstein-Bohr debate on the possibility of hidden variables, the Bohr-Heisenberg debate on the interpretation of complementarity, and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. We shall look into the "double-slit" experiment with single electrons, the "most beautiful experiment in science." We may also discuss such issues as nonlocality, hidden variables, new dimensions of the debate of free will versus determinism, scientific perception and measurement theory. Required and suggested readings include texts that claim to find a connection between quantum mechanics and Faulkner's novels, surrealist paintings, Christian thought, Eastern mysticism, and the theatre of Bertolt Brecht and Richard Forman. The course will not involve technical mathematics. The introduction to the subject provided by the instructors will be aimed at non-science students. Besides readings, the course also will involve plays (including Copenhagen), films, and guest speakers. Students will be expected to work on a final project, to be presented in class.

Syllabus

What follows is a tentative syllabus that may be altered in the light of student interest.

  • Jan. 25: Introduction

    The nature of philosophy and of physics, and of the challenges posed by quantum mechanics to each.

  • Feb. 1: The Pre-Quantum Picture

    The physics and philosophy of motion and mechanics in the Aristotelian world, and in the Newtonian world.

    Required reading:

  • I. B. Cohen, Birth of a New Physics, 1-184
  • Holton and Brush, Introduction to Concepts and Theories, pp. 31-37, 79-91
  • Feb. 8: The Crisis

    The emergence of a crisis in understanding black-body radiation.

    Required reading:

  • Holton and Brush, Introduction to Concepts and Theories, pp. 427-30, 470-78
  • "A Hundred Years of Spectroscopy," BJHS 1:199-216
  • E. Segrh, From X-Rays to Quarks (on reserve), ch. 4, "Planck, Unwilling Revolutionary: The Idea of Quantization"
  • T. Kuhn, "Revisiting Planck," HSPS 14, 1984, 231-52
  • Suggested reading:

  • T. Kuhn, Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912
  • Klein, Shimony, and Pinch, "Paradigm Lost?" ISIS 70, 429-40
  • Galison, "Kuhn and the Quantum Controversy" BJPS 13: 367-81
  • Feb. 15: The Quantum Idea

    How Planck proposed the quantum idea, how it lay fallow for 5 years, how Einstein nurtured it. Its puzzles lie latent.

    Required reading:

  • Crease & Mann, Second Creation, pp. 23-9
  • Holton & Brush, Introduction to Concepts and Theories, pp. 430-444, 478-490
  • E. Garber, "Some Reactions to Planck's Law, 1900-1914," HPS 7:89-126
  • E. Segrh, From X Rays to Quarks, pp. 86-90, 119-48
  • Suggested reading:

  • I. Miller, "On Einstein, Light Quanta, Radiation and Relativity in 1905," AJP 44 (1976): 912
  • V. Guillemin, The Story of Quantum Mechanics (on reserve)
  • Hendry, "The Development of Attitudes to the Wave-Particle Duality of Light and Quantum Theory," Annals of Science 37:59-79.
  • M. Klein, "No Firm Foundation: Einstein and the Early Quantum Theory" in Some Strangeness in the Proportion."
  • J. L. Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science (on reserve)
  • Feb. 22: Quantum Mechanics

    The development of quantum mechanics: waves, the Einstein-Bohr debate, hidden variables, the uncertainty principle. The puzzles become explicit.

    Required reading:

  • Crease & Mann, Second Creation, pp. 44-51, 52-66
  • Holton & Brush, Introduction to Concepts and Theories, pp. 491-501
  • I. Miller, Imagery in Scientific Thought (on reserve), ch. 4, "Redefining Visualizability"
  • E. Segrh, From X-Rays to Quarks, ch. 8, "A True Quantum Mechanics At Last"
  • Suggested reading:

  • Atomic Theory 1870-1930: A Case Study of Paradigm Change (on reserve), USB PhD, 1982
  • J. Heilbron, "Bohr's First Theories of the Atom," Physics Today 38, 10, 1985, 28-36.
  • J. Heilbron, "Rutherford-Bohr Atom," AJP 49, 223-31.
  • Heilbron & Kuhn, "The Genesis of the Bohr Atom," HSPS 1:211-90
  • Einstein & Infeld, Evolution of Physics, 270-94
  • L. Wessels, "Erwin Schrödinger and the Descriptive Tradition," in Springs of Scientific Creativity.
  • Studies in the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, various essays; L. Wessels, HSPS 10:311-40.
  • March 1: The Double-Slit Experiment

    The "most beautiful experiment in science" and the mystery it creates. Various ways that try to eradicate the mystery, and why they all fail.

    Required reading:

  • R. Crease, Prism and Pendulum, Chs. 6, 10
  • Feynman, Lectures on Physics, excerpts.
  • Suggested Reading:

  • N. Kipnis, History of the Principle of Interference of Light (on reserve)
  • March 8: The Copenhagen Interpretation

    The different ways to interpret the meaning of it all. Do we even need to? Why or why not?

    Required reading:

  • N. Bohr "Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics."
  • R. Crease, "Experimental Life: Heelan on Quantum Mechanics."
  • Heelan, Quantum Mechanics and Objectivity, excerpts.
  • Brush, "The Chimerical Cat: Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective." Social Studies of Science 10: 393-447
  • G. Holton, "The Roots of Complementarity"
  • Suggested reading:

  • H. Folse, The Philosophy of Niels Bohr
  • J. Faye, "The Influence of Harald Høffding's Philosophy on Niels Bohr's Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics," Danish Yearbook of Philosophy.
  • Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Reality Be Considered Complete?" and reply by Bohr, in Toulmin, Physical Reality
  • March 15: Copenhagen: The Play

    Discussion of Michael Frayn's play, Copenhagen.

    Required reading:

  • M. Frayn, Copenhagen

  • March 22: Quantum Mechanics and Biology (P. Bingham)

    Implications of quantum mechanics in biology and evolution. We will explore two vital issues as follows: First, the human mind is a designed device. It was designed by natural selection to achieve a particular purpose (or set of purposes) in the ancestral environment - in the same literal sense that a bird's wing was designed to allow powered flight. To understand our minds and what they do (and don't do) we must understand the "purpose" for which they were designed. We will find that we have some rather specific answers to this question of purpose and that they inform our grasp of how our minds "do science" in the literal, technical sense. Second, we will find that among the diverse purposes our minds are designed is the successful navigation of the uniquely human social world. This insight has profound, diverse implications for the day-to-day workings of the scientific enterprise, including the emergence and ongoing development of treatments of quantum phenomenology.

    Required reading:

  • Bingham, P., "Human evolution and human history: a complete theory." Ev. Anth. 9: 248-257;
  • Bingham, P., Excerpt from The Biology of Being Human.
  • March 29: Philosophical Interpretations, Mystical Interpretations

    What have philosophers made of complementarity and quantum mechanics? Why has complementarity attracted mystics?

    Required reading:

  • P. Grim, ed., "Quantum Mysticism" section from Philosophy of Science and the Occult, 2nd ed.:
  • P. Grim, "Conflicting Notes from Einstein and Bohr;"
  • F. Capra, "The Unity of All Things;"
  • G. Zukav, "Einstein Doesn't Like It;"
  • Crease & Mann, "The Yogi and the Quantum;"
  • N. D. Mermin, "Quantum Mysteries for Anyone;"
  • M. Spector, "Mind, Matter and Quantum Mechanics"
  • M. Beller, "The Sokal Hoax: At Whom Are We Laughing?" Phys. Today, S 1998.
  • P. Anderson, "Thinking Big," Nature 29 Sept. 2005, p. 625
  • Suggested reading:

  • L. Wessels, "The 'EPR' Argument: A Post-Mortem," Philosophical Studies 40 (1981): 3-30
  • Capek, The Philosophical Impact of Contemporary Physics
  • S. Restivo, "Parallels and Paradoxes in Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism"
  • April 5:Quantum Mechanics in the Arts

    Quantum mechanics in art, music, literature, religion, etc.

    Required readings:

  • R. McCormmach, Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist
  • Suggested readings:

  • J. Haas, "Complementarity and Christian Thought: An Assessment," Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation (1983): 145-51, 203-9.
  • R. Nadeau, Readings from the New Book on Nature: Physics and Metaphysics in the Modern Novel.
  • Virginia Williams, "Surrealism, Quantum Philosophy, and World War I," PhD diss, Duke, 1981.
  • S. Ryan, "Faulkner and Quantum Mechanics," Western Humanities Review 33 (1979), 329-39.
  • Honner, "Niels Bohr and the Mysticism of Nature," Zygon 17, 243-53.
  • Honner, "The Transcendental Philosophy of Niels Bohr, SHPS 13:1-29.
  • D. Harrison "What You See is What You Get!" AJP 47 (1979): 576-82; "Teaching the Tao of Physics" AJP 47 (1979), 779-83.
  • R. Schlegel, "Quantum Physics and the Divine Postulate," Zygon 14 (1979): 163-5.
  • A. Hye, "Bertolt Brecht and Atomic Physics" Science/Technology and the Humanities 1 (1978): 157-70.
  • F. Falk, "Physics and the Theatre: Richard Foreman's Particle Theory," Educational Theatre Journal 29 (1977): 395-404.
  • April 12: NO CLASS!!! SPRING VACATION!!!

  • April 19: Sociological Interpretations

    Social constructivism and its interpretation of quantum mechanics.

    Required reading:

  • P. Forman, "Kausalitat, Anschaulichkeit, and Individualitat, or how Cultural Values Prescribed the Character and the Lessons Ascribed to Quantum Mechanics," in Society and Knowledge, ed. N. Stehr and V. Meja.
  • P. Forman, "Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory, 1918-1927: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment," HSPS 3:1-115.
  • Kraft and Kroes, "Adaptation of Scientific Knowledge to an Intellectual Environment. Paul Forman's 'Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory,' Analysis and Criticism," Centaurus 27:76-79.
  • T. Pinch, "What Does a Proof Do if It Does Not Prove? A Study of the Social Conditions and Metaphysical Divisions Leading to David Bohm and John von Neumann Failing to Communicate in Quantum Physics," Social Production of Scientific Knowledge, 171-215.
  • Suggested readings:

  • B. Harvey, "The Effects of Social Context on the Process of Scientific Investigation: Experimental Tests of Quantum Mechanics," Social Process of Scientific Investigation (1981) 139-63.
  • J. Hendry, "Weimar Culture and Quantum Causality," HS 18 (1980), 155-80.
  • April 26: Quantum Mechanics in Culture

    Cultural resonances of Quantum Mechanics.

    Readings: TBA

  • May 3: Presentations of Student Projects

    All students have to work on a project, either individually or in collaboration. This project cannot be on one of the required readings (it may involve a suggested reading), and must explore some implication of quantum mechanics for philosophy, culture, or life. A starting point can be found in Brush's The History of Modern Science, essentially an extensive bibliography, though we hope students will find other sources. A project may consist of a summary and evaluation of a reading on the subject that we have not discussed. Or it may consist of discovering other kinds of influences of quantum mechanics: on literature or art, for instance. Or it may consist of producing an illustration of quantum mechanical principles in some arena other than physics -- say, a musical analogue of the double-slit experiment in which discernible rhythms eventually emerge out of randomly produced notes. Or it may consist of works - music, fiction -- inspired by your perceptions of the quantum concept.

    We encourage you to start working on the project as early as possible. Its form will be determined by agreement between student and instructors. You must provide the instructors with a title and 1-sentence description by Feb. 22, a 1-page description by March 8, a first draft (or appropriate form for non-written work) by April 5, leaving room for further development before an in-class presentation on May 3. You are encouraged to discuss your thoughts with the instructors at all stages

  • Books

    The required articles will be handed out, or left in either the Philosophy or Physics offices for students to copy. The following books are to be purchased:

  • I. B. Cohen, The Birth of a New Physics
  • M. Frayn, Copenhagen
  • R. McCormmach, Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist
  • Course Structure

    For most classes, the instructors -- or a guest speaker -- will speak for the first hour, followed by dinner and and informal discussion, after which students will present and discuss material. The material discussed by the students may be part of the assigned readings for that week, a suggested reading for that week, or another reading suggested by the student that has been approved by the instructors.

    All students also have to work on a project, either individually or in collaboration. as described above at the end of the syllabus.

    Requirements

    You are required to attend all classes, and to participate in the discussions. Frequent discussions, attention to notices on the course website, and postings through Blackboard may be required. You must complete the readings on time, by the date listed on the syllabus. You are responsible for making up any work missed for any reason. Grading is based on class participation, class presentation, and the course project.

    Americans with Disabilities Act

    If you have a physical, psychological, medical or learning disability that may impact your course work, contact Disability Support Services, ECC (Educational Communications Center) Building, Room 128, (631) 632-6748. They will determine with you what accommodations are necessary and appropriate. All information and documentation is confidential. Students requiring emergency evacuation should discuss needs with professors and Disability Support Services. For procedures and information, go to http:// www.ehs.sunysb.edu/fire/disabilities/asp

    Blackboard

    Access class information on-line at: http://blackboard.sunysb.edu. If you used Blackboard in the Fall, your login information is unchanged. If you've never used Blackboard, your initial password is your SOLAR ID# and your username is your SBU (sparky) username, generally your first initial and the first 7 letters of your last name. For help or more information see: http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/helpdesk/docs/blackboard/bbstudent.php. For problems logging in, go to the helpdesk in the Main Library SINC Site or the Union SINC Site, or call 631-632-9602 or e-mail helpme@ic.sunysb.edu